Why Is It Not Recommended To Use An Instant Pot On The Stove?

Why is it not recommended to use an Instant Pot on the stove?

The Instant Pot is a multifunctional electric pressure cooker that has gained immense popularity in recent years due to its versatility and ease of use. However, it is not recommended to use an Instant Pot on the stove, and for good reason. Instant Pots are designed to be used as standalone electric appliances, and using them on the stove can be hazardous and potentially damage the device. The primary concern is that the Instant Pot’s base is not designed to withstand direct heat from the stove, which can cause the plastic or stainless steel to melt or warp. This can lead to a range of problems, including electrical malfunctions, leaks, and even fires.

Another reason why using an Instant Pot on the stove is not recommended is that it can void the manufacturer’s warranty. Most Instant Pot manufacturers explicitly state that their products should not be used on the stove, and doing so can render the warranty null and void. Additionally, using an Instant Pot on the stove can also compromise the safety features built into the device, such as the pressure release mechanism and thermal sensors. These safety features are designed to prevent accidents and ensure safe operation, and using the Instant Pot on the stove can bypass these safeguards, putting users at risk of injury.

It’s also worth noting that Instant Pots are designed to operate within a specific temperature range, and using them on the stove can cause the device to overheat or operate outside of its intended temperature range. This can lead to inconsistent cooking results, reduced performance, and even damage to the device’s heating element. Furthermore, using an Instant Pot on the stove can also create a fire hazard, as the device’s electrical components can be exposed to heat and flames, which can ignite and cause a fire. To avoid these risks and ensure safe and proper operation, it’s best to use your Instant Pot as intended – as a standalone electric appliance.

What are the limitations of using an Instant Pot on the stove?

Using an Instant Pot on the stove can be a convenient and space-saving way to cook, but there are several limitations to consider. One of the main limitations is that it is not recommended to use the Instant Pot’s pressure cooking function on a stovetop, as this can be dangerous and may cause the pot to break or malfunction. The Instant Pot is designed to be an electric pressure cooker, and the pressure cooking function is only safe to use when the pot is plugged into a power source and the built-in safety features are engaged. Stovetop use is generally limited to sautéing or simmering functions, which can still be useful for certain types of cooking, such as browning meat or cooking vegetables.

Another limitation of using an Instant Pot on the stove is that the heat distribution may not be even, which can affect the consistency and quality of the cooked food. Instant Pots are designed to work with electric heat sources, which provide a consistent and controlled heat output. Stovetops, on the other hand, can have hotspots and varying levels of heat, which can make it difficult to achieve even cooking. This can be especially problematic when cooking delicate or sensitive ingredients, such as fish or eggs. Additionally, the risk of scorching or burning the food is higher when using a stovetop, as the heat can be more intense and less controlled.

Furthermore, using an Instant Pot on the stove can also limit the types of cooking functions that are available. Instant Pots are designed to be multi-functional cookers, with a range of built-in programs and settings for different types of cooking, such as pressure cooking, slow cooking, and yogurt making. When used on a stovetop, these functions are not available, and the cooker is essentially reduced to a simple pot. This can be a significant limitation for users who rely on the Instant Pot’s advanced features and functions to achieve specific cooking results. Overall, while using an Instant Pot on the stove can be a convenient option in a pinch, it is generally recommended to use the cooker as intended, with an electric power source, to achieve the best results and ensure safe and reliable operation.

What are the alternative ways to use an Instant Pot?

The Instant Pot has become a staple in many kitchens, and for good reason – it’s a versatile and multifunctional cooking vessel that can be used in a variety of ways beyond its primary function as a pressure cooker. Alternative uses for the Instant Pot include making yogurt, Proofing bread, and even as a slow cooker. With the yogurt setting, you can make homemade yogurt with ease, customizing the flavor and texture to your liking. Simply combine milk and a yogurt starter, and let the Instant Pot do the rest. The result is a delicious and healthy snack or breakfast option.

In addition to making yogurt, the Instant Pot can also be used as a proofing box for bread. The warm and humid environment created by the Instant Pot’s “yogurt” setting is perfect for proofing bread dough, allowing it to rise to new heights. Simply place the dough in a lightly oiled bowl, cover it with plastic wrap or a damp towel, and let the Instant Pot work its magic. The result is a beautifully risen loaf with a tender crumb and crispy crust. The Instant Pot can also be used as a slow cooker, perfect for cooking tough cuts of meat or cooking stews and soups over a long period of time. Simply brown the ingredients, add your liquid and seasonings, and let the Instant Pot simmer away, filling your kitchen with the delicious aromas of a home-cooked meal.

The Instant Pot can also be used as a rice cooker, steamer, and even as a saute pan. With its built-in saute function, you can quickly brown ingredients before adding liquid and pressure cooking, or use it to cook stir-fries and skillet dinners. The possibilities are endless, and with a little creativity, you can use your Instant Pot in a variety of different ways, from cooking main dishes to making desserts. Whether you’re a busy home cook or an experienced chef, the Instant Pot is a versatile and indispensable tool that can help you create delicious meals with ease. So don’t be afraid to think outside the box and explore the many alternative uses for your Instant Pot – you might just be surprised at the delicious creations you can come up with.

Can you use an Instant Pot on a glass stovetop?

Using an Instant Pot on a glass stovetop can be a bit tricky, and it’s essential to exercise caution to avoid any potential damage to the stovetop or the Instant Pot itself. The main concern is that the Instant Pot’s bottom can become extremely hot during use, which may cause damage to the glass stovetop. Glass stovetops are generally more delicate than other types of stovetops, and they can be prone to scratches, cracks, or thermal shock. If the Instant Pot is not used carefully, it can potentially cause the glass to shatter or become discolored.

To use an Instant Pot on a glass stovetop safely, it’s crucial to follow some guidelines. Firstly, make sure the stovetop is clean and dry before placing the Instant Pot on it. Any debris, water, or food residue on the stovetop can cause the Instant Pot to become unstable or create a thermal bridge, which can lead to damage. Additionally, always use a heat diffuser or a trivet under the Instant Pot to reduce the risk of thermal shock and to distribute the heat evenly. This will help to prevent the glass stovetop from becoming too hot and potentially cracking. It’s also essential to avoid sliding the Instant Pot across the stovetop, as this can cause scratches or damage to the glass surface.

See also  What Type Of Rice Is Best For Cooking On A Griddle?

Another important consideration is the type of Instant Pot you are using. Some Instant Pot models, such as the Instant Pot Duo or the Instant Pot Ultra, have a flat bottom that can be used on a glass stovetop. However, other models, like the Instant Pot Lux or the Instant Pot Smart, may have a more rounded bottom or a non-stick coating that can be damaged by high heat. In these cases, it’s best to use the Instant Pot on a different type of stovetop, such as a gas or electric stovetop, or to use a heat diffuser or trivet to reduce the risk of damage.

In summary, using an Instant Pot on a glass stovetop requires caution and attention to detail. By following the guidelines outlined above and taking the necessary precautions, you can use your Instant Pot on a glass stovetop safely and effectively. However, if you’re unsure about the safety of using your Instant Pot on a glass stovetop, it’s always best to err on the side of caution and use a different type of stovetop or cooking method. Remember to always prioritize your safety and the safety of your kitchen appliances to avoid any potential risks or damage.

What can happen if you use an Instant Pot on the stove?

Using an Instant Pot on the stove can be extremely hazardous and is not recommended by the manufacturer. The Instant Pot is an electric pressure cooker designed to be used on a countertop, and its safety features are tailored for this specific use. If you attempt to use an Instant Pot on the stove, you risk causing a serious accident. The Instant Pot’s heating element and electronic controls are not designed to withstand the high temperatures and flames of a stovetop, which can lead to a meltdown of the device’s internal components or even a fire.

Furthermore, the Instant Pot’s pressure-relief valve is designed to operate within a specific temperature and pressure range, which can be exceeded when used on a stovetop. This can cause the valve to become clogged or malfunction, leading to a potentially catastrophic failure of the pressure cooker. Additionally, the stovetop’s heat can also cause the Instant Pot’s gasket to degrade or become damaged, which can lead to a loss of pressure and potentially explosive consequences. The manufacturer’s warranty will also be voided if the Instant Pot is used on a stovetop, leaving you with no recourse in the event of an accident or malfunction.

It is essential to use the Instant Pot in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and guidelines to ensure safe and proper operation. The Instant Pot is designed to be used as a standalone appliance, and any attempt to modify or use it in a way that deviates from the manufacturer’s recommendations can have serious consequences. Instead of using an Instant Pot on the stove, consider investing in a stovetop-specific pressure cooker or utilizing the Instant Pot as intended – as a convenient and versatile countertop appliance. By following the manufacturer’s guidelines and using the Instant Pot responsibly, you can enjoy the many benefits of this popular kitchen appliance while minimizing the risk of accidents or injuries.

Can you use an Instant Pot on a gas stovetop?

The Instant Pot is a popular and versatile kitchen appliance that can be used for a variety of cooking tasks, including pressure cooking, slow cooking, and sautéing. However, when it comes to using an Instant Pot on a gas stovetop, there are some important considerations to keep in mind. Generally speaking, it is not recommended to use an Instant Pot on a gas stovetop, as the high heat and open flame can cause damage to the appliance or even lead to a safety hazard. The Instant Pot is designed to be used as an electric pressure cooker, and its base is not intended to be exposed to the high heat of a gas stovetop.

One of the main concerns is that the high heat from the gas stovetop can damage the Instant Pot’s heating element or electrical components. The Instant Pot is designed to work with a controlled heat source, such as an electric heating element, and the high heat from a gas stovetop can cause the appliance to malfunction or even catch fire. Additionally, the open flame from the gas stovetop can also cause a fire hazard, especially if there are any flammable materials nearby. Furthermore, using an Instant Pot on a gas stovetop can also , so it’s not worth the risk.

If you’re looking for a way to cook with high heat and pressure, there are other options available that are specifically designed for use on a gas stovetop. For example, you could consider using a stovetop pressure cooker or a stainless steel stockpot with a heavy bottom. These types of cookware are designed to withstand the high heat of a gas stovetop and can be used for a variety of cooking tasks, including pressure cooking and sautéing. In summary, while it may be tempting to use an Instant Pot on a gas stovetop, it’s not a good idea due to the risk of damage to the appliance or a safety hazard. Instead, consider using a stovetop pressure cooker or a stainless steel stockpot with a heavy bottom for high-heat cooking tasks.

What are the safety considerations when using an Instant Pot?

When using an Instant Pot, there are several safety considerations to keep in mind to ensure a safe and enjoyable cooking experience. First and foremost, it’s essential to read the user manual carefully and understand the basic functions and features of the Instant Pot. This will help you become familiar with the device and avoid any potential hazards. Additionally, make sure to place the Instant Pot on a stable and heat-resistant surface, away from children and pets, to prevent any accidental knocks or spills.

Another critical safety consideration is to always use the Instant Pot with the lid securely locked in place. The lid is designed to withstand high pressures, but it can still be damaged if not used correctly. Never attempt to open the lid while the Instant Pot is still under pressure, as this can cause hot liquids to spill out and potentially cause burns. Instead, always wait for the pressure to release naturally or use the quick-release valve to safely release the pressure. It’s also important to regularly inspect the gasket and other seals for signs of wear and tear, and replace them as needed to ensure a tight and secure seal.

Furthermore, it’s crucial to be mindful of the electrical safety aspects of the Instant Pot. Always plug the device into a nearby outlet, and avoid using extension cords or power strips, which can increase the risk of electrical shock or fire. Never submerge the Instant Pot in water or expose it to excessive moisture, as this can damage the electrical components and create a hazard. In case of an emergency, it’s also a good idea to keep a fire extinguisher nearby and know how to use it properly.

In terms of personal safety, it’s essential to be cautious when handling hot foods and liquids, as they can cause burns and scalds. Always use oven mitts or tongs to handle the Instant Pot and its contents, and never touch the device or its components with your bare hands. Additionally, be mindful of the steam release when opening the lid, as it can be hot and caustic. By following these safety considerations and using common sense, you can enjoy safe and delicious meals with your Instant Pot.

Can you use an Instant Pot on an induction stovetop?

When it comes to using an Instant Pot on an induction stovetop, the answer is a bit complex. Induction stovetops work by generating a magnetic field that induces an electrical current in the cookware, which then heats up. This means that the cookware must be made of a ferromagnetic material, such as cast iron or stainless steel, in order to be compatible with an induction stovetop. The Instant Pot is a multi-cooker that can be used for a variety of functions, including pressure cooking, slow cooking, and sautéing. However, the compatibility of the Instant Pot with an induction stovetop depends on the specific model of the Instant Pot.

See also  Can You Cook Meat From Frozen On Bbq?

Some Instant Pot models are designed to be compatible with induction stovetops, while others are not. The Instant Pot Duo and Instant Pot Ultra models, for example, have a stainless steel pot that is compatible with induction stovetops. However, the Instant Pot Lux and Instant Pot Viva models have an aluminum pot that is not compatible with induction stovetops. It’s also worth noting that even if the Instant Pot model is compatible with induction stovetops, the induction stovetop itself must also be compatible with the Instant Pot. Some induction stovetops may not be able to detect the Instant Pot’s pot, or may not be able to generate enough heat to power the Instant Pot.

If you’re planning to use your Instant Pot on an induction stovetop, it’s a good idea to check the compatibility of both the Instant Pot and the induction stovetop before making a purchase. You can do this by checking the manufacturer’s website or by contacting the manufacturer’s customer support. Additionally, you can also check the reviews and ratings from other customers to see if they have had any issues with using their Instant Pot on an induction stovetop. By taking these precautions, you can ensure that you’re able to use your Instant Pot safely and effectively on your induction stovetop. It’s also important to note that even if your Instant Pot is compatible with an induction stovetop, it’s still important to follow the manufacturer’s guidelines and safety precautions when using it, such as avoiding overheating and using a stable and secure cooking surface.

In terms of the benefits of using an Instant Pot on an induction stovetop, one of the main advantages is the ability to quickly and easily switch between different cooking functions. For example, you can use the Instant Pot to sauté ingredients on the induction stovetop, and then quickly switch to pressure cooking or slow cooking mode to finish cooking the dish. This can be especially useful for busy home cooks who need to prepare meals quickly and efficiently. Additionally, the Instant Pot’s ability to seal in flavors and nutrients makes it an ideal choice for cooking a variety of dishes, from soups and stews to grains and legumes. Overall, using an Instant Pot on an induction stovetop can be a convenient and effective way to prepare a wide range of delicious and healthy meals.

To summarize, using an Instant Pot on an induction stovetop can be a great way to prepare meals, but it’s essential to check the compatibility of both the Instant Pot and the induction stovetop before making a purchase. By following the manufacturer’s guidelines and safety precautions, and taking advantage of the benefits of using an Instant Pot on an induction stovetop, you can enjoy a wide range of delicious and healthy meals with ease. Whether you’re a busy home cook or an experienced chef, the Instant Pot and induction stovetop can be a powerful combination that makes cooking faster, easier, and more enjoyable.

What are the benefits of using an Instant Pot?

The Instant Pot is a multi-functional kitchen appliance that has gained immense popularity in recent years, and for good reason. One of the primary benefits of using an Instant Pot is its ability to save time in the kitchen. With its pressure cooking function, you can cook a wide variety of dishes up to 70% faster than traditional cooking methods. This is especially useful for busy households where time is of the essence. Additionally, the Instant Pot is a versatile appliance that can be used for a range of functions, including sautéing, steaming, yogurt making, and even slow cooking, making it a great addition to any kitchen.

Another significant benefit of using an Instant Pot is its ability to retain nutrients in food. The pressure cooking function of the Instant Pot allows for faster cooking times, which helps to lock in the nutrients and flavors of the ingredients. This is especially important for delicate vegetables and other foods that can lose their nutritional value when cooked for extended periods. The Instant Pot also uses less energy than traditional cooking methods, making it an eco-friendly option for those looking to reduce their carbon footprint. Furthermore, the Instant Pot is easy to clean and maintain, with a stainless steel interior and exterior that can be easily wiped down with a damp cloth.

The Instant Pot also offers a range of health benefits, particularly for those who suffer from digestive issues or have trouble absorbing nutrients. The pressure cooking function of the Instant Pot breaks down tough fibers and connective tissue in meat and vegetables, making them easier to digest. This can be especially beneficial for individuals with food sensitivities or allergies. Additionally, the Instant Pot can be used to make a range of healthy foods, including bone broth, yogurt, and stews, that are rich in nutrients and can help to support overall health and wellbeing. Overall, the Instant Pot is a valuable addition to any kitchen, offering a range of benefits that can help to make cooking faster, easier, and healthier.

The Instant Pot has also been shown to be cost-effective in the long run, as it can help to reduce food waste and save money on energy bills. With its ability to cook frozen foods and reheat leftovers, the Instant Pot can help to stretch your food budget and reduce the amount of food that ends up in the trash. Furthermore, the Instant Pot can be used to make a range of convenient foods, including oatmeal, rice, and quinoa, that can be cooked quickly and easily, making it a great option for busy households. Whether you’re a busy professional, a parent, or simply someone who loves to cook, the Instant Pot is a must-have appliance that can help to make your life easier and your meals more delicious.

In conclusion, the Instant Pot is a game-changing appliance that offers a range of benefits for home cooks. With its ability to save time, retain nutrients, and make cooking easier, the Instant Pot is a valuable addition to any kitchen. Whether you’re looking to improve your health, save money, or simply make cooking more convenient, the Instant Pot is a great option that can help you achieve your goals. So why not give it a try and see the difference it can make in your cooking routine? With its easy-to-use interface and versatile functions, the Instant Pot is a great investment for anyone who loves to cook and wants to make mealtime easier and more enjoyable.

How should I clean my Instant Pot?

Cleaning your Instant Pot is an essential task to maintain its performance, hygiene, and longevity. The process is relatively straightforward, and with the right techniques, you can keep your Instant Pot in pristine condition. To start, unplug your Instant Pot and let it cool down completely to avoid any accidental steam burns or electrical shocks. Next, remove all the removable parts, including the lid, inner pot, steam rack, and any other accessories. Wash these parts with warm soapy water, and use a soft sponge or brush to scrub away any food residue or stains. For tougher stains or grime buildup, you can soak the parts in warm soapy water for about 30 minutes before scrubbing.

The outer body of the Instant Pot should be wiped clean with a damp cloth, paying attention to the control panel, buttons, and other areas where splatters or spills may have occurred. Avoid using abrasive cleaners or scrubbers, as they can damage the Instant Pot’s finish. For stubborn stains or grime buildup on the outer body, you can mix equal parts water and white vinegar in a spray bottle and spray the solution onto the affected area. Let it sit for about 10-15 minutes before wiping it clean with a damp cloth. It’s also essential to descale your Instant Pot regularly, especially if you live in an area with hard water. You can use a descaling solution or a mixture of equal parts water and white vinegar to remove mineral deposits that can affect the Instant Pot’s performance.

See also  Where Can I Buy Turkey Wings?

The sealing ring is another critical part of the Instant Pot that requires regular cleaning. Remove the sealing ring from the lid and wash it with warm soapy water. You can also soak it in a mixture of equal parts water and white vinegar for about 30 minutes to remove any stains or odors. To prevent the sealing ring from becoming brittle or cracked, avoid washing it in the dishwasher or exposing it to high temperatures. After cleaning and drying the sealing ring, apply a small amount of cooking oil to keep it lubricated and flexible. By following these steps and tips, you can keep your Instant Pot clean, hygienic, and in excellent working condition.

For deep cleaning or maintaining your Instant Pot, you can perform a few additional tasks. Every 1-2 months, run a cleaning cycle by filling the inner pot with 2-3 cups of water, closing the lid, and selecting the “steam” function. Let the cycle complete, then discard the water and wipe the inner pot clean with a damp cloth. You can also use a steam cleaner or a mixture of equal parts water and white vinegar to cleaning the Instant Pot’s steam valve and other small crevices. By following these cleaning and maintenance tips, you can enjoy a healthy and satisfying cooking experience with your Instant Pot for years to come.

Can you cook frozen meat in an Instant Pot?

Cooking frozen meat in an Instant Pot is a convenient and time-saving option for many home cooks. The Instant Pot, a multi-functional pressure cooker, is designed to handle a variety of cooking tasks, including cooking frozen meats. Frozen meats can be cooked in the Instant Pot, but it’s essential to follow some guidelines to ensure safe and even cooking. When cooking frozen meat, it’s crucial to note that the cooking time will be longer than cooking fresh meat. This is because the Instant Pot needs to first thaw the meat and then cook it to the desired level of doneness.

To cook frozen meat in an Instant Pot, start by adding a small amount of liquid, such as broth or water, to the pot. This will help to prevent scorching and promote even cooking. Then, place the frozen meat in the pot, making sure not to overcrowd it. Overcrowding can lead to uneven cooking and potentially undercooked or raw meat in some areas. Next, close the lid and set the valve to “sealing” to ensure that the pot is sealed properly. Now, select the appropriate cooking mode and time based on the type and quantity of meat you are cooking. For example, frozen chicken breasts can be cooked on the “poultry” mode for 10-15 minutes, while frozen ground beef can be cooked on the “meat/stew” mode for 20-30 minutes.

It’s also important to note that some types of frozen meat may require special handling or cooking techniques. For instance, frozen roasts or larger cuts of meat may need to be thawed slightly before cooking to ensure even cooking. Additionally, frozen meats with a high fat content, such as sausages or bacon, may require a slightly longer cooking time to prevent overcooking. Another consideration is the importance of checking the internal temperature of the meat to ensure it has reached a safe minimum internal temperature. This is especially crucial when cooking frozen meat, as it can be more challenging to determine doneness. Use a food thermometer to check the internal temperature of the meat, and make sure it reaches the recommended temperature to prevent foodborne illness.

In conclusion, cooking frozen meat in an Instant Pot can be a quick and convenient option for home cooks. By following the guidelines and taking necessary precautions, you can achieve delicious and safely cooked meals. Always remember to consult the user manual and cooking guidelines for specific instructions on cooking frozen meat in your Instant Pot. With a little practice and patience, you can become proficient in cooking a variety of frozen meats to perfection in your Instant Pot. Whether you’re cooking for a large family or just one, the Instant Pot is a versatile and reliable kitchen appliance that can help you prepare healthy and delicious meals with ease.

What are some popular recipes to cook in an Instant Pot?

The Instant Pot is a versatile kitchen appliance that has become a staple in many homes, and for good reason. It’s a pressure cooker, slow cooker, rice cooker, yoghurt maker, and sauté pan all in one, making it incredibly convenient for cooking a wide range of dishes. When it comes to popular recipes to cook in an Instant Pot, the options are endless, but some fan favorites include chili con carne, where you can simply brown the ground meat and cook all the ingredients together in under 30 minutes, chicken tinga tacos, which requires just a few ingredients like chicken breast, onion, garlic, and chipotle peppers, and beef stew, which can be cooked to tender perfection in under an hour. You can also use your Instant Pot to cook perfect hard-boiled eggs, quinoa, or brown rice, with minimal effort and time.

For those who love Asian-inspired cuisine, the Instant Pot is a game-changer. You can make delicious pho in under 30 minutes, with a rich and flavorful broth, tender beef, and soft noodles. Or, you can try your hand at Korean BBQ, where you can marinate the beef or pork in a sweet and spicy sauce, then cook it to perfection in the Instant Pot. Indian curries are also a breeze to make in the Instant Pot, where you can cook the sauce and the protein of your choice, such as chicken or lamb, together in one pot. And for dessert, why not try making cheesecake or crème brûlée in your Instant Pot? The result is a creamy, smooth, and perfectly cooked dessert with minimal effort.

Another popular use for the Instant Pot is to cook roast chicken or beef to perfection, with a crispy skin and tender meat. Simply season the meat, add some aromatics like onion and carrot, and cook on high pressure for a short amount of time. You can also use the sauté function to brown the meat before cooking, which adds a nice crust to the finished dish. For vegetarian and vegan options, the Instant Pot is a great tool for cooking lentils, chickpeas, or black beans, which can be used in a variety of dishes, from curries to salads. And for a quick and easy meal, you can’t go past mac and cheese or chicken noodle soup, which can be cooked in under 10 minutes.

In terms of breakfast recipes, the Instant Pot is a great way to cook steel-cut oats or oatmeal to a creamy perfection, with minimal effort and time. You can also use the Instant Pot to cook scrambled eggs or poached eggs, which are perfect for a quick and easy breakfast. And for a healthy snack, why not try making yogurt in your Instant Pot? The result is a delicious and probiotic-rich yogurt that’s perfect for topping with fruit or granola. With so many options to choose from, it’s no wonder the Instant Pot has become a staple in many kitchens. Whether you’re a seasoned cook or a beginner, the Instant Pot is a versatile and easy-to-use appliance that’s sure to become your new best friend in the kitchen.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *